Союзы помогают связывать идеи: причина-следствие (because / so), противопоставление (but / although / despite), добавление (and / as well as), последовательность и вывод.
Основные группы союзов
- Причина → следствие: because (почему?) / so (поэтому).
- Контраст: but, although (+ подлежащее + сказуемое), despite / in spite of (+ сущ./герундий).
- Добавление: and, as well as (+ сущ./V-ing).
- Последовательность/время: then, after that, before, while.
- Цель/результат: so that, in order to / therefore, as a result.
Мы ушли пораньше, потому что начался дождь. Поэтому мы взяли такси.
We left early because it started to rain. So, we took a taxi.
Причина и следствие: because / so
Причина внутри придаточного:
I stayed at home because I was ill.
Следствие в главном:
It was late, so we left.
Контраст: but / although / despite
but соединяет два простых предложения:
It was cold, but we went for a walk.
although + подлежащее + сказуемое:
Although it was raining, we kept playing.
despite / in spite of + сущ./V-ing:
Despite the rain / in spite of raining, we kept playing.
Добавление, последовательность и вывод
| Добавление | and, as well as — She sings and plays the guitar. |
| Последовательность | then, after that, while — We had dinner, then watched a film. |
| Цель | so that, in order to — He left early so that he could catch the bus. |
| Вывод | therefore, as a result — It rained; therefore, the match was canceled. |
Типичные ошибки
| ❌ She was in a hurry because she was driving fast. (причина/следствие перепутаны) | ✅ She was in a hurry, so she was driving fast. (следствие → so) |
| ❌ Despite it was late, he kept working. | ✅ Although it was late, he kept working. / ✅ Despite the late hour, he kept working. |
| ❌ It was raining. But although we played. | ✅ It was raining, but we played. / ✅ Although it was raining, we played. |
| ❌ We were tired, therefore we went to bed early. (в разговорной речи без запятой/точки с запятой) | ✅ We were tired; therefore, we went to bed early. / ✅ We were tired. Therefore, we went to bed early. |
Ещё примеры
Мне не понравилось блюдо, поэтому я не доел.
I didn’t like the dish, so I didn’t finish it.
Несмотря на шум, она продолжала работать.
Despite the noise, she kept working.
Хотя было рано, метро уже было людным.
Although it was early, the metro was crowded.
Он хотел успеть на поезд, чтобы увидеть семью.
He wanted to catch the train in order to see his family.
because = причина, so = следствие
although + S + V; despite + noun/V-ing
Контраст: but / although / despite
Формальный вывод: therefore / as a result