Придаточные определительные уточняют существительное. Defining — обязательная информация (без неё смысл теряется), без запятых. Non-defining — дополнительная информация, выделяется запятыми.
Относительные местоимения и наречия
| who — для людей | The woman who called you is my boss. |
| which — для предметов/животных | The book which you lent me was great. |
| that — разговорный вариант в defining | The book that you lent me was great. (не в non-defining) |
| where — место | This is the café where we met. |
| when — время | I remember the day when we first spoke. |
| why — причина (после reason) | The reason why I’m late is traffic. |
| whose — принадлежность | A friend whose car broke down called me. |
Defining vs Non-defining
Defining (без запятых):
The students who sit in the front row always participate.
Non-defining (с запятыми):
My sister, who is a vet, really loves cats.
Правила пунктуации и замены
- Non-defining всегда отделяется запятыми; that в нём не используется (только who/which).
- В defining можно опустить who/which/that, если оно — дополнение: The movie (that) I watched was great.
- where/when ↔ prep + which: The city where I was born = The city in which I was born = The city (which) I was born in.
- Предлог: формально — prep + which/whom; разговорно — предлог в конце: the person to whom I spoke = the person who I spoke to.
Примеры
Дом, который он купил в 1998 (обязательная инф.):
The house that he bought in 1998 is important to him.
Жена, которая дизайнер (доп. инф.):
His wife, who is a designer, updated the interior.
which ко всему предложению:
We missed the flight, which was a disaster.
Год, когда изобрели телефон:
Can you remember the year when the telephone was invented?
Типичные ошибки
| ❌ Barack Obama, that was born in Hawaii, … | ✅ Barack Obama, who was born in Hawaii, … |
| ❌ This is the town where I grew up in. | ✅ This is the town where I grew up. / ✅ This is the town which/that I grew up in. |
| ❌ My car, that I bought last year, is fast. | ✅ My car, which I bought last year, is fast. (non-defining) |
| ❌ The man whom I spoke with to… | ✅ The man to whom I spoke… / ✅ The man who I spoke to… |
Ещё примеры
Это фильм, который я никогда не забуду.
This is a film (that) I will never forget.
Моя тётя, которая живёт в Милане, приедет в гости.
My aunt, who lives in Milan, is coming to visit.
Место, где мы поженились, — старинная церковь.
The place where we got married is an old church.
Причина, по которой я ушёл, — расписание.
The reason why I left was the schedule.
Defining — без запятых; можно that
Non-defining — с запятыми; that не используется
Опускание местоимения только когда это дополнение
where/when ↔ prep + which; предлог можно перенести в конец