Speculation and Deduction: rečenice, vježbe, testovi i primjeri

Speculation and Deduction koristimo

Nagađanje i zaključivanje koristi se kada nagađamo i donosimo zaključke na temelju onoga što znamo, vidimo ili čujemo. Pomoću modalnih glagola možemo reći da smo gotovo sigurni, da je nešto moguće, da je nešto nemoguće, ili da nešto očekujemo.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
Izgleda iscrpljeno. Mora da previše radi.
He may have missed the train.
Možda je propustio vlak.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Ne mogu biti kod kuće. Sva su svjetla ugašena.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Paket bi trebao stići sutra.

Speculation and Deduction Oblik

U ovoj temi često upotrebljavamo različite modalne glagole ovisno o stupnju sigurnosti i o tome govorimo li o sadašnjosti, procesu koji traje ili o prošlosti. Za dovršenu radnju u prošlosti obično upotrebljavamo have + V3, a za proces koji se događa otprilike sada upotrebljavamo be + Ving.

must + V1 / be + Ving
may / might / could + V1 / be + Ving
can’t + V1 / be + Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
Ona mora znati odgovor.
They might be waiting outside.
Možda čekaju vani.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
Nije mogao zaboraviti tvoj rođendan.
The meeting should start soon.
Sastanak bi uskoro trebao početi.

Speculation and Deduction Pravilo

  • Mora se koristiti za snažan zaključak: gotovo smo sigurni da je nešto istinito. To nije 100 % činjenica, ali je vrlo siguran zaključak.
    She has been studying all day. She must be tired.
    Učila je cijeli dan. Mora da je umorna.
    Kate doesn’t have her car today. She must have rented one.
    Kate danas nema svoj auto. Mora da je unajmila jedan.
  • May, might i could koriste se kada je nešto moguće, ali nismo sigurni. Obično su may i might vrlo slični po značenju, a could također često izražava mogućnost.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    Buka možda dolazi od susjeda.
    He might have left already.
    Možda je već otišao.
  • Can’t i couldn’t koriste se kada mislimo da je nešto nemoguće ili kada izražavamo snažno nevjerovanje ili iznenađenje.
    You can’t be serious!
    Ne možeš biti ozbiljan!
    Hannah couldn’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Hannah to nije mogla reći. To ne zvuči kao ona.
  • Ako govorimo o nečemu što se događa sada kao proces, često koristimo be + Ving nakon modalnog glagola.
    Amanda might be doing the washing up.
    Amanda bi možda mogla prati suđe.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    On sigurno upravo sada razgovara s voditeljem.
  • Ako se zaključak odnosi na dovršenu radnju u prošlosti, obično koristimo have + V3.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Should i ought to u ovoj temi često izražavaju očekivanje: mislimo da je nešto vjerojatno istinito ili da se očekivalo da će se dogoditi.
    The train should be here by now.
    Vlak bi već trebao biti ovdje.
    They should have told him about the change.
    Trebali su mu reći o promjeni.
  • Za slabu negativnu mogućnost koristimo may not i might not. Oblik couldn’t obično izražava nemogućnost, a ne samo slabiju mogućnost.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
  • Osim modalnih glagola, pretpostavka se može izraziti i drugim riječima: vjerojatno će, malo je vjerojatno da će, sigurno će, vjerojatno i definitivno.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Vjerojatno će zaboraviti na sastanak.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    Ta će se pogreška prije ili kasnije sigurno dogoditi.

Speculation and Deduction Nijekanje

U ovoj temi negativni oblici ovise o značenju. May not / might not = moguće je da nešto nije istinito. Can’t / couldn’t = to je nemoguće. Shouldn’t može izraziti očekivanje da nešto vjerojatno nije u redu.

may not / might not + V1
can’t + V1 / be + Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
shouldn’t + V1 / have + V3

He may not know the address.
Možda ne zna adresu.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Ne mogu valjda čekati vani po ovakvom vremenu.
She couldn’t have taken your bag by mistake.
Nije mogla greškom uzeti tvoju torbu.
The repair shouldn’t take much longer.
Popravak ne bi trebao trajati još mnogo duže.

Speculation and Deduction Pitanja

U pitanjima o nagađanju često upotrebljavamo could, might, should i strukture poput Do you think ...? Izravna pitanja s must su moguća, ali često zvuče emotivnije ili manje neutralno.

Could / Might + subject + V1 / be + Ving?
Wh-word + might / could + subject + have + V3?
Should + subject + V1?
Do you think + subject + might / could + V1?

Could she be sleeping?
Može li spavati?
What might have happened here?
Što se ovdje moglo dogoditi?
Should they be here by now?
Trebali bi već biti ovdje?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
Misliš li da je možda propustio e-poruku?

Speculation and Deduction Tipične pogreške

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Rečenice

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
Ne odgovara. Možda je na sastanku.
Look at those wet umbrellas. It must have rained.
Pogledaj te mokre kišobrane. Mora da je padala kiša.
This key can’t be the right one.
Ovaj ključ ne može biti pravi.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
Možda su išli ranijim autobusom.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Djeca su tiha. Mora da spavaju.
He could be working from home today.
Mogao bi danas raditi od kuće.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Gosti bi trebali stići oko osam.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Nisi mogla vidjeti Annu ondje. Ona je u inozemstvu.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
Možda neće biti dovoljno stolica za sve.
Do you think he might know the answer?
Misliš li da on možda zna odgovor?

Speculation and Deduction Primjeri

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Ured je mračan, pa su vjerojatno već otišli.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Sarah bi nas mogla čekati dolje.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
Taj zvuk bi mogao dolaziti iz kuhinje.
He can’t be the new intern. He looks much older.
Ne može biti novi pripravnik. Izgleda mnogo starije.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Let bi trebao sletjeti za otprilike dvadeset minuta.
She may not have understood what you meant.
Možda nije razumjela što si mislio.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
Možda su zaboravili zaključati vrata.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Malo je vjerojatno da će ovdje padati snijeg u travnju.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Ovaj problem bio je neizbježan nakon ažuriranja.
Could he still be driving home?
Je li još uvijek mogao voziti kući?

Vježbe engleske gramatike dostupne u aplikaciji

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural