Speculation and Deduction: stavki, vaje, testi in primeri

Speculation and Deduction uporabljamo

Ugibanje in sklepanje uporabljamo, ko ugibamo in sprejemamo sklepe na podlagi tega, kar vemo, vidimo ali slišimo. Z modalnimi glagoli lahko povemo, da smo skoraj prepričani, da je nekaj mogoče, da je nekaj nemogoče, ali da nekaj pričakujemo.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
Videti je izčrpana. Verjetno dela preveč.
He may have missed the train.
Morda je zamudil vlak.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Ne morejo biti doma. Vse luči so ugasnjene.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Paket bi moral prispeti jutri.

Speculation and Deduction Oblika

Pri tej temi pogosto uporabljamo različne naklonske glagole glede na stopnjo gotovosti in glede na to, ali govorimo o sedanjosti, procesu, ki poteka, ali preteklosti. Za zaključeno dejanje v preteklosti običajno uporabljamo have + V3, za proces, ki poteka približno zdaj, pa uporabljamo be + Ving.

must + V1 / be + Ving
may / might / could + V1 / be + Ving
can’t + V1 / be + Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
Ona mora vedeti odgovor.
They might be waiting outside.
Morda čakajo zunaj.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
Ni mogoče, da bi pozabil na tvoj rojstni dan.
The meeting should start soon.
Sestanek bi se moral kmalu začeti.

Speculation and Deduction Pravilo

  • Mora se uporablja za močan sklep: skoraj smo prepričani, da je nekaj res. To ni 100-odstotno dejstvo, ampak zelo samozavesten sklep.
    She has been studying all day. She must be tired.
    Uči se že ves dan. Verjetno je utrujena.
    Kate doesn’t have her car today. She must have rented one.
    Kate danes nima svojega avtomobila. Gotovo si ga je izposodila.
  • May, might in could se uporabljajo, kadar je nekaj mogoče, vendar nismo prepričani. Običajno sta may in might po pomenu zelo blizu, tudi could pa pogosto izraža možnost.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    Hrup morda prihaja od sosedov.
    He might have left already.
    Morda je že odšel.
  • Can’t in couldn’t uporabljamo, kadar menimo, da je nekaj nemogoče, ali kadar izražamo močno nejevero ali presenečenje.
    You can’t be serious!
    Saj ne moreš biti resen!
    Hannah couldn’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Hannah tega ne bi mogla reči. To ni podobno njej.
  • Če govorimo o nečem, kar se dogaja zdaj kot proces, po modalnem glagolu pogosto uporabimo biti + glagol v -ing obliki.
    Amanda might be doing the washing up.
    Amanda morda pomiva posodo.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    Prav zdaj se mora pogovarjati z vodjo.
  • Če se sklepanje nanaša na dokončano dejanje v preteklosti, običajno uporabimo have + V3.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Should in ought to v tej temi pogosto izražata pričakovanje: menimo, da je nekaj verjetno resnično ali da se je pričakovalo, da se bo zgodilo.
    The train should be here by now.
    Vlak bi moral biti že tukaj.
    They should have told him about the change.
    Morali bi mu povedati o spremembi.
  • Za šibko negativno možnost uporabljamo may not in might not. Oblika couldn’t običajno izraža nemožnost, ne le šibkejše možnosti.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
  • Poleg modalnih glagolov se lahko ugibanje izrazi tudi z drugimi besedami: verjetno bo, malo verjetno bo, gotovo bo, verjetno in zagotovo.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Verjetno bo pozabila na sestanek.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    Ta napaka je bila prej ali slej neizogibna.

Speculation and Deduction Zanikanje

Pri tej temi so nikalne oblike odvisne od pomena. May not / might not = mogoče je, da nekaj ni res. Can’t / couldn’t = to je nemogoče. Shouldn’t lahko izraža pričakovanje, da nekaj verjetno ni pravilno.

may not / might not + V1
can’t + V1 / be + Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
shouldn’t + V1 / have + V3

He may not know the address.
Morda ne pozna naslova.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Ne morejo čakati zunaj v takšnem vremenu.
She couldn’t have taken your bag by mistake.
Ni mogla po pomoti vzeti tvoje torbe.
The repair shouldn’t take much longer.
Popravilo ne bi smelo trajati veliko dlje.

Speculation and Deduction Vprašanja

Pri vprašanjih o ugibanju pogosto uporabljamo could, might, should in strukture, kot je Do you think ...? Neposredna vprašanja z must so mogoča, vendar pogosto zvenijo bolj čustveno ali manj nevtralno.

Could / Might + subject + V1 / be + Ving?
Wh-word + might / could + subject + have + V3?
Should + subject + V1?
Do you think + subject + might / could + V1?

Could she be sleeping?
Ali morda spi?
What might have happened here?
Kaj bi se lahko tukaj zgodilo?
Should they be here by now?
Ali bi morali biti že tukaj?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
Misliš, da je mogoče spregledal e-pošto?

Speculation and Deduction Tipične napake

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Stavki

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
Ne odgovarja. Morda ima sestanek.
Look at those wet umbrellas. It must have rained.
Poglej te mokre dežnike. Verjetno je deževalo.
This key can’t be the right one.
Ta ključ ne more biti pravi.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
Morda so šli z zgodnejšim avtobusom.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Otroci so tiho. Verjetno spijo.
He could be working from home today.
Morda danes dela od doma.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Gostje naj bi prispeli okoli osmih.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Anne tam nisi mogel videti tam. Je v tujini.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
Morda ne bo dovolj stolov za vse.
Do you think he might know the answer?
Ali misliš, da morda pozna odgovor?

Speculation and Deduction Primeri

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Pisarna je temna, torej so očitno že odšli.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Sarah nas morda čaka spodaj.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
Ta zvok bi lahko prihajal iz kuhinje.
He can’t be the new intern. He looks much older.
Ne more biti novi pripravnik. Videti je veliko starejši.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Letalo bi moralo pristati čez približno dvajset minut.
She may not have understood what you meant.
Morda ni razumela, kaj si mislil.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
Morda so pozabili zakleniti vrata.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Malo verjetno je, da bo tukaj aprila snežilo.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Ta težava je bila po posodobitvi neizogibna.
Could he still be driving home?
Ali je mogoče, da se še vedno vozi domov?

Vaje angleške slovnice, ki so na voljo v aplikaciji

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural