Speculation and Deduction: gaplar, mashqlar, testlar va misollar

Speculation and Deduction foydalanamiz

Taxmin va xulosa chiqarish biz taxmin qilganimizda va bilganimiz, ko‘rganimiz yoki eshitganimizga asoslanib xulosalar chiqarganimizda qo‘llaniladi. Modal fe’llar yordamida biz biror narsaga deyarli amin ekanimizni, biror narsa mumkin ekanini, biror narsa mumkin emas ekanini, yoki biror narsani kutayotganimizni ayta olamiz.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
U charchaganga o‘xshaydi. U juda qattiq ishlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
He may have missed the train.
U poyezdni o'tkazib yuborgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Ular uyda bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Barcha chiroqlar o‘chirilgan.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Posilka ertaga yetib kelishi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Forma

Bu mavzuda biz ko‘pincha turli modal fe’llarni ishonch darajasiga va gapni hozirgi zamon, davom etayotgan jarayon yoki o‘tgan zamon haqida aytishimizga qarab ishlatamiz. Tugallangan o‘tgan harakat uchun odatda have + V3ni, hozir atrofida sodir bo‘layotgan jarayon uchun esa be + Vingni ishlatamiz.

must + V1 / be + Ving
may / might / could + V1 / be + Ving
can’t + V1 / be + Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
U javobni bilishi kerak.
They might be waiting outside.
Ular tashqarida kutayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
U sizning tug‘ilgan kuningizni unutgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
The meeting should start soon.
Uchrashuv tez orada boshlanishi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Qoidalar

  • Must kuchli xulosa uchun ishlatiladi: biz biror narsa rost ekanligiga deyarli aminmiz. Bu 100% fakt emas, lekin bu juda ishonchli xulosa.
    She has been studying all day. She must be tired.
    U kun bo‘yi o‘qib yuribdi. U charchagan bo‘lsa kerak.
    Kate doesn’t have her car today. She must have rented one.
    Kate bugun mashinasini olib kelmabdi. U bittasini ijaraga olgan bo‘lsa kerak.
  • May, might va could biror narsa mumkin bo‘lganda, ammo biz bunga ishonchimiz komil bo‘lmaganda ishlatiladi. Odatda, may va might ma’no jihatidan bir-biriga juda yaqin bo‘ladi, va could ham ko‘pincha ehtimollikni bildiradi.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    Shovqin qo‘shnilardan kelayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
    He might have left already.
    U allaqachon ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
  • Can’t va couldn’t biror narsa mumkin emas deb o‘ylaganimizda yoki kuchli ishonchsizlik yoxud hayratni ifodalaganimizda ishlatiladi.
    You can’t be serious!
    Siz jiddiy bo‘la olmaysiz!
    Hannah couldn’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Hannah bunday degan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Bu uning uslubiga o‘xshamaydi.
  • Agar biz hozir jarayon sifatida sodir bo‘layotgan narsa haqida gapirsak, modal fe’ldan keyin ko‘pincha be + Ving dan foydalanamiz.
    Amanda might be doing the washing up.
    Amanda idish-tovoqlarni yuvayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    U hozir menejer bilan gaplashayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
  • Agar taxmin o‘tmishda tugallangan harakatga taalluqli bo‘lsa, biz odatda have + V3 dan foydalanamiz.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Bu mavzuda should va ought to ko‘pincha kutilmani ifodalaydi: biz nimadir ehtimol to‘g‘ri ekanini yoki sodir bo‘lishi kutilganini o‘ylaymiz.
    The train should be here by now.
    Poyezd hozirgacha bu yerda bo‘lishi kerak edi.
    They should have told him about the change.
    Ular unga o‘zgarish haqida aytishlari kerak edi.
  • Zaif salbiy ehtimol uchun biz may not va might not ni ishlatamiz. Couldn’t shakli odatda shunchaki kuchsizroq ehtimolni emas, imkonsizlikni ifodalaydi.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
  • Modal fe’llardan tashqari, taxminni boshqa so‘zlar bilan ham ifodalash mumkin: be likely to, be unlikely to, be bound to, probably va definitely.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Uchrashuvni unutib qo‘yishi ehtimoli katta.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    O‘sha xato ertami-kechmi baribir sodir bo‘lishi aniq edi.

Speculation and Deduction Inkor

Bu mavzuda inkor shakllari ma’noga bog‘liq. May not / might not = biror narsa to‘g‘ri emasligi mumkin. Can’t / couldn’t = bu imkonsiz. Shouldn’t biror narsa ehtimol to‘g‘ri emasligi haqidagi kutishni ifodalashi mumkin.

may not / might not + V1
can’t + V1 / be + Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
shouldn’t + V1 / have + V3

He may not know the address.
U manzilni bilmasligi mumkin.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Ular bunday ob-havoda tashqarida kutib turgan bo‘lishlari mumkin emas.
She couldn’t have taken your bag by mistake.
U sizning sumkangizni adashib olgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas edi.
The repair shouldn’t take much longer.
Ta’mirlash uzoqroq davom etmasligi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Savollar

Taxmin haqidagi savollarda biz ko‘pincha could, might, should va Do you think ...? kabi tuzilmalardan foydalanamiz. Must bilan to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri savollar ham mumkin, lekin ular ko‘pincha hissiyroq yoki kamroq betaraf eshitiladi.

Could / Might + subject + V1 / be + Ving?
Wh-word + might / could + subject + have + V3?
Should + subject + V1?
Do you think + subject + might / could + V1?

Could she be sleeping?
U uxlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?
What might have happened here?
Bu yerda nima sodir bo‘lgan bo‘lishi mumkin?
Should they be here by now?
Ular hozirgacha shu yerda bo‘lishlari kerakmidi?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
Sizningcha, u elektron xatni ko‘rmay qolgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?

Speculation and Deduction Odatdagi xatolar

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Gaplar

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
U javob bermayapti. Balki uning yig‘ilishi bordir.
Look at those wet umbrellas. It must have rained.
Ana u ho‘l soyabonlarga qara. Yomg‘ir yog‘gan bo‘lsa kerak.
This key can’t be the right one.
Bu kalit to‘g‘risi bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
Ular oldingi avtobusga chiqib ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Bolalar jim. Ular uxlayotgan bo‘lishlari kerak.
He could be working from home today.
U bugun uydan ishlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Mehmonlar soat sakkizlar atrofida yetib kelishlari kerak.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Siz u yerda Annani ko‘rgan bo‘la olmaysiz. U chet elda.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
Hamma uchun yetarli stullar bo‘lmasligi mumkin.
Do you think he might know the answer?
Sizningcha, u javobni bilishi mumkinmi?

Speculation and Deduction Misollar

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Ofis qorong‘i, demak ular allaqachon ketgan bo‘lishi kerak.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Sara pastda bizni kutayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
Bu ovoz oshxonadan kelayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
He can’t be the new intern. He looks much older.
U yangi stajyor bo‘lishi mumkin emas. U ancha yoshi kattaroq ko‘rinadi.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Samolyot taxminan yigirma daqiqada qo‘nishi kerak.
She may not have understood what you meant.
U siz nazarda tutgan narsani tushunmagan bo‘lishi mumkin.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
Ular eshikni qulflashni unutgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Aprel oyida bu yerda qor yog‘ishi ehtimoldan yiroq.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Bu muammo yangilanishdan keyin sodir bo‘lishi muqarrar edi.
Could he still be driving home?
U hali ham mashinada uyga ketayotgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?

Ilovada mavjud ingliz tili grammatikasi mashqlari

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural