Speculation and Deduction: mashqlar va test

Speculation and Deduction foydalanamiz

Taxmin va xulosa chiqarish biz taxmin qilganimizda va bilganlarimiz, ko‘rganlarimiz, eshitganlarimiz yoki ehtimol deb hisoblaganlarimiz asosida mantiqiy xulosalar chiqarganimizda qo‘llaniladi. Biz ko‘pincha must, may, might, could, can’t va should kabi modal fe’llardan foydalanamiz. Ular bizga deyarli ishonch hosil qilganimizni, biror narsa mumkin, mumkin emas yoki kutilgan ekanini ko‘rsatishga yordam beradi.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
U charchaganga o‘xshaydi. U juda qattiq ishlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
He may have missed the train.
U poyezdni o'tkazib yuborgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Ular uyda bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Barcha chiroqlar o‘chirilgan.
His shoes are muddy. He must have been walking in the rain.
Uning oyoq kiyimlari loy bo‘lib ketgan. U yomg‘irda yurgan bo‘lsa kerak.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Posilka ertaga yetib kelishi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Forma

Bu mavzuda biz modal fe’lni ishonchlilik darajasiga va gap hozirgi zamon, ayni paytda davom etayotgan jarayon, o‘tmishdagi natija yoki hozirgacha davom etayotgan faoliyat haqida ketayotganiga qarab tanlaymiz. Ko‘pchilik modal fe’llardan keyin bare infinitive (tosiz) ishlatiladi. Bu yerda asosiy istisno — ought to. O‘tmishda yakunlangan harakat uchun odatda have + V3 ishlatiladi, jarayon uchun esa be + Ving yoki have been + Ving ishlatiladi.

must + V1
must + be + adjective / noun / Ving
may / might / could + V1
may / might / could + be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1
can’t / couldn’t + be + adjective / noun / Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have been + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + be + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
U javobni bilishi kerak.
They might be waiting outside.
Ular tashqarida kutayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
U sizning tug‘ilgan kuningizni unutgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
She must have been working all night.
U butun tun ishlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
The meeting should start soon.
Uchrashuv tez orada boshlanishi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Qoidalar

must = strong deduction
should / ought to = expectation
may / might / could = possibility
can’t / couldn’t = impossibility

  • Must kuchli xulosa uchun ishlatiladi: biror narsa rost ekaniga deyarli amin bo‘lamiz, chunki bunga ishonish uchun dalil yoki mantiqiy sababimiz bor. Bu 100% aniq fakt emas, lekin bu juda ishonchli xulosadir.
    Their car is outside. They must be at home.
    Ularning mashinasi tashqarida. Ular uyda bo‘lishlari kerak.
    She is out of breath. She must have been running.
    U hansirab qolgan. U yugurib kelgan bo‘lsa kerak.
  • May, might va could biror narsa mumkin bo‘lganda, lekin biz bunga ishonchimiz komil bo‘lmaganda ishlatiladi. Odatda, may va might ma’no jihatidan juda yaqin bo‘ladi, might esa ko‘pincha biroz ehtiyotkorroq eshitiladi. Could ham ko‘pincha imkoniyatni ifodalaydi.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    Shovqin qo‘shnilardan kelayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
    He might have left already.
    U allaqachon ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
    It could be the wrong address.
    Bu noto‘g‘ri manzil bo‘lishi mumkin.
  • Tasdiq xulosalarida biz odatda can ni “bu mumkin” degan ma’noda ishlatmaymiz. Buning o‘rniga odatda could, may yoki might ni ishlatamiz. Can savollarda, inkor xulosalarda yoki imkoniyat haqidagi umumiy bayonotlarda ko‘proq qo‘llanadi.
    ❌ It can be John at the door.
    ✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
  • Can’t va couldn’t biror narsa imkonsiz deb o‘ylaganimizda yoki kuchli ishonchsizlik yoxud hayratni bildirganimizda ishlatiladi. Hozirgi vaziyatlar uchun can’t ko‘proq qo‘llanadi; o‘tgan zamon uchun esa ko‘pincha can’t have + V3 yoki couldn’t have + V3 ishlatiladi.
    You can’t be serious!
    Siz jiddiy bo‘la olmaysiz!
    That couldn’t be right.
    Bu to‘g‘ri bo‘lishi mumkin emas edi.
    Hannah can’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Hannah bunday degan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Bu unga o‘xshamaydi.
  • Agar biz hozir jarayon sifatida sodir bo‘layotgan narsa haqida gapirsak, modal fe’ldan keyin ko‘pincha be + Ving dan foydalanamiz.
    Amanda might be doing the dishes.
    Amanda idishlarni yuvayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    U hozir menejer bilan gaplashayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
  • Agar taxmin o‘tmishda tugallangan harakatga taalluqli bo‘lsa, biz odatda have + V3 dan foydalanamiz.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Agar biz hozirgacha yoki o‘tmishdagi bir nuqtagacha davom etgan faoliyat haqida xulosa chiqarmoqchi bo‘lsak, ko‘pincha have been + Ving shaklidan foydalanamiz.
    Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
    Uning qo‘llari kir. U bog‘da ishlagan bo‘lsa kerak.
    They look exhausted. They may have been travelling all night.
    Ular juda charchagan ko‘rinadi. Ular tun bo‘yi sayohat qilgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
  • Ushbu mavzuda should va ought to ko‘pincha kutishni ifodalaydi: biz biror narsa ehtimol rost yoki sodir bo‘lishi mumkin deb o‘ylaymiz reja, jadval yoki odatiy sharoitlarga ko‘ra. Ought to biroz rasmiyroq va kamroq qo‘llanadi. Muhim: boshqa kontekstlarda should have + V3 majburiyat, maslahat yoki tanqidni ifodalashi mumkin, deduksiya emas, shuning uchun by now, soon yoki tomorrow kabi vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari kutish ma’nosini ko‘proq aniq qiladi.
    The train should be here by now.
    Poyezd hozirgacha bu yerda bo‘lishi kerak edi.
    They should have arrived by now.
    Ular hozirgacha yetib kelishgan bo‘lishi kerak.
    The parcel ought to arrive tomorrow.
    Jo‘natma ertaga yetib kelishi kerak.
  • Kuchsiz salbiy ehtimollik uchun biz may not va might not dan foydalanamiz: boshqacha aytganda, “ehtimol yo‘q”. Couldn’t shakli odatda shunchaki kuchsiz ehtimollikni emas, imkonsizlikni bildiradi.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
    He might not have seen your message yet.
    U hali xabaringizni ko‘rmagan bo‘lishi mumkin.
  • Mustn’t odatda xulosa chiqarish uchun ishlatilmaydi. U odatda taqiq ma’nosini bildiradi. Agar biror narsa imkonsiz ekanini aytmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, mustn’t emas, can’t ni ishlating.
    ❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
    ✅ He can’t be at home.
    ✅ You mustn’t park here. (prohibition)
  • Modal fe’llardan tashqari, taxminni boshqa so‘zlar bilan ham ifodalash mumkin: be likely to, be unlikely to, be bound to, probably va definitely.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Uchrashuvni unutib qo‘yishi ehtimoli katta.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    O‘sha xato ertami-kechmi baribir sodir bo‘lishi aniq edi.

Speculation and Deduction Inkor

Bu mavzuda inkor shakllari ma’noga bog‘liq. May not / might not = biror narsa to‘g‘ri emasligi ehtimoli bor. Can’t / couldn’t = bu mumkin emas. Shouldn’t biror narsa ehtimol to‘g‘ri emasligi yoki ehtimol sodir bo‘lishi kerak emasligi haqidagi kutishni ifodalashi mumkin. Mustn’t odatda inkoriy xulosa emas, taqiq ma’nosini bildiradi.

may not / might not + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3 / have been + Ving
shouldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / have + V3
mustn’t + V1 = prohibition

He may not know the address.
U manzilni bilmasligi mumkin.
There might not be enough time.
Vaqt yetarli bo‘lmasligi mumkin.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Ular bunday ob-havoda tashqarida kutib turgan bo‘lishlari mumkin emas.
She can’t have taken your bag. She wasn’t even here.
U sizning sumkangizni olgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. U hatto bu yerda ham emas edi.
There shouldn’t be any problem now.
Endi hech qanday muammo bo‘lmasligi kerak.
You mustn’t park here.
Bu yerga mashina qo‘yish mumkin emas.

Speculation and Deduction Savollar

Taxmin haqidagi savollarda biz ko‘pincha can, could, should va Do you think ...? kabi tuzilmalardan foydalanamiz. might bilan to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri savollar mumkin, ammo ular ko‘pincha kundalik suhbatda rasmiyroq yoki kamroq tabiiy eshitiladi. must bilan savollar ham mumkin, ammo ular ko‘pincha hissiy, ritorik yoki kamroq neytral eshitiladi.

Can / Could + subject + be + adjective / noun / Ving?
Could + subject + have + V3?
Wh-word + do you think + subject + may / might / could + V1 / have + V3?
Should + subject + V1 / be + adjective?

Could she be sleeping?
U uxlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?
Can he really be serious?
U rostdan ham jiddiymi?
What do you think might have happened here?
Sizningcha, bu yerda nima sodir bo‘lgan bo‘lishi mumkin?
Should they be here by now?
Ular hozirgacha shu yerda bo‘lishlari kerakmidi?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
Sizningcha, u elektron xatni ko‘rmay qolgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?

Speculation and Deduction Mashqlar va testlar


Hozir mashq qiling

Qoidani amalda mustahkamlang. Bu atigi 30 soniya oladi.

Sun’iy intellekt javoblarni tekshiradi va xatolarni tushuntiradi
Talaffuz mashqi
Turli qoidalar bo‘yicha minglab mashqlar
5 tadan 1-mashq
Speculation and Deduction
Download on the App Store Get it on Google Play
Maslahat

Ushbu mashqdan foydalanib, Speculation va Deduction’ni haqiqiy gapda qo‘llay olishingizni tekshiring.

Speculation and Deduction Odatdagi xatolar

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ It can be John at the door.
✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t be at home.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Gaplar

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
U javob bermayapti. Balki uning yig‘ilishi bordir.
Look at the wet street. It must have rained.
Ho‘l ko‘chaga qara. Yomg‘ir yog‘gan bo‘lsa kerak.
This key can’t be the right one.
Bu kalit to‘g‘risi bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
Ular oldingi avtobusga chiqib ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Bolalar jim. Ular uxlayotgan bo‘lishlari kerak.
He could be working from home today.
U bugun uydan ishlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Mehmonlar soat sakkizlar atrofida yetib kelishlari kerak.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Siz u yerda Annani ko‘rgan bo‘la olmaysiz. U chet elda.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
Hamma uchun yetarli stullar bo‘lmasligi mumkin.
Do you think he might know the answer?
Sizningcha, u javobni bilishi mumkinmi?
She looks sunburnt. She must have been sitting outside all afternoon.
U kuyib qolganga o‘xshaydi. U tushdan keyin butun vaqt tashqarida o‘tirgan bo‘lsa kerak.
The package ought to be here by Friday.
Paket juma kunigacha shu yerda bo‘lishi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Misollar

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Ofis qorong‘i, demak ular allaqachon ketgan bo‘lishi kerak.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Sara pastda bizni kutayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
Bu ovoz oshxonadan kelayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
He can’t be the new intern. He introduced himself as the manager.
U yangi stajyor bo‘lishi mumkin emas. U o‘zini menejer deb tanishtirdi.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Samolyot taxminan yigirma daqiqada qo‘nishi kerak.
She may not have understood what you meant.
U siz nazarda tutgan narsani tushunmagan bo‘lishi mumkin.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
Ular eshikni qulflashni unutgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Aprel oyida bu yerda qor yog‘ishi ehtimoldan yiroq.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Bu muammo yangilanishdan keyin sodir bo‘lishi muqarrar edi.
Could he still be driving home?
U hali ham mashinada uyga ketayotgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?
Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
Uning qo‘llari kir. U bog‘da ishlagan bo‘lsa kerak.
There shouldn’t be much traffic at this time of night.
Bu vaqtda yo‘llarda tirbandlik ko‘p bo‘lmasligi kerak.

Ilovada mavjud ingliz tili grammatikasi mashqlari

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Adjectives/Adverbs

Superlatives Comparatives Adverbs Adverbs of Frequency

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Pronouns

Something, Anything, Nothing, etc. Quantifiers Demonstrative Pronouns Possessive 's Possessives Pronouns

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural