Modal Verbs: abairtí, cleachtaí, tástálacha agus samplaí

Modal Verbs úsáidimid

Sa topaic seo, úsáidimid must, have to, don’t have to, agus mustn’t chun labhairt faoi oibleagáid, riachtanas, gan aon riachtanas, agus toirmeasc.

I must finish this report today.
Caithfidh mé an tuairisc seo a chríochnú inniu.
We have to leave early tomorrow.
Caithfimid imeacht go luath amárach.
You don’t have to bring any food.
Ní gá duit aon bhia a thabhairt leat.
Visitors mustn’t touch the paintings.
Ní ceadmhach do chuairteoirí teagmháil a dhéanamh leis na pictiúir.

Modal Verbs Fhoirm

Is briathar módach é must. Tar éis must agus mustn’t, úsáidimid bunfhoirm an bhriathair (V1) gan to. Is struchtúr difriúil é have to: leanann briathar é freisin, ach athraíonn foirm have: have to, has to, had to.

must + V1
mustn’t + V1
have to / has to / had to + V1
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t have to + V1

She must call them now.
Caithfidh sí glaoch orthu anois.
He has to wear a uniform at work.
Caithfidh sé éide a chaitheamh ag an obair.
They had to cancel the meeting.
Bhí orthu an cruinniú a chur ar ceal.
We didn’t have to wait long.
Níor ghá dúinn fanacht i bhfad.

Modal Verbs Riail

  • Úsáidtear must le haghaidh riachtanais láidre nó oibleagáide. Is minic a léiríonn sé cinneadh an chainteora féin, mothú láidir, nó riail an-tábhachtach.
    I must talk to her today.
    Caithfidh mé labhairt léi inniu.
    Passengers must wear seat belts.
    Caithfidh paisinéirí criosanna sábhála a chaitheamh.
  • Úsáidtear have to de ghnáth nuair a thagann an dualgas ón taobh amuigh: ó rialacha, sceidil, obair, scoil, cás, nó duine eile.
    I have to get up at six for work.
    Caithfidh mé éirí ag a sé don obair.
    She has to show her ID at the entrance.
    Caithfidh sí a haitheantas a thaispeáint ag an mbealach isteach.
  • Maidir le dualgas san am atá thart, is gnách linn had to a úsáid. De ghnáth ní úsáidimid must chun labhairt faoi dhualgas san am atá thart.
    ✅ We had to leave early yesterday.
    ❌ We must leave early yesterday.
  • Ciallaíonn Mustn’t toirmeasc: ní cheadaítear é. Ní hamháin gur comhairle atá ann, ach riail, toirmeasc, nó treoir an-láidir gan rud éigin a dhéanamh.
    You mustn’t park here.
    Ní ceadmhach duit páirceáil anseo.
    Students mustn’t use their phones during the test.
    Ní ceadmhach do mhic léinn a bhfóin a úsáid le linn an scrúdaithe.
  • Ciallaíonn don’t have to níl gá. Tá sé seo tábhachtach: ní chiallaíonn don’t have to cosc. Is féidir leat an gníomh a dhéanamh, ach níl sé riachtanach.
    ✅ You don’t have to come early. (it is optional)
    ✅ You mustn’t come early. (it is not allowed)
  • Tar éis must agus mustn’t, ní úsáidimid ach V1 gan to. Tar éis have to, úsáidimid an príomhbhriathar ina bhunfhoirm freisin, ach tá to san áireamh sa struchtúr féin.
    ❌ You must to go now.
    ✅ You must go now.
    ✅ We have to leave now.
  • Ní athraíonn must de réir an ábhair: I must, she must, they must. Ach athraíonn have to: I have to, he has to, we had to.
    ✅ He must wait.
    ✅ He has to wait.
    ❌ He have to wait.
  • I gceisteanna le must, tagann an briathar roimh an ábhar: Must I ...? Ach i mBéarla laethúil, is minic a bhíonn ceisteanna le have to níos nádúrtha: Do I have to ...?
    Must I finish this now?
    An gcaithfidh mé é seo a chríochnú anois?
    Do we have to book in advance?
    An gcaithfimid áirithint a dhéanamh roimh ré?

Modal Verbs Diúltú

Tá dhá chineál éagsúla brí dhiúltaí san ábhar seo. Ní ceadmhach = níl cead ann, toirmeasc. Ní raibh / níl / ní bheidh ort = ní raibh / níl sé riachtanach, mar sin níl aon oibleagáid ann.

mustn’t + V1
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t have to + V1

You mustn’t tell anyone about this.
Ní mór duit gan insint d’aon duine faoi seo.
He doesn’t have to work on Sundays.
Ní gá dó obair ar an Domhnach.
We didn’t have to pay for parking.
Níor ghá dúinn íoc as páirceáil.

Modal Verbs Ceisteanna

Cruthaítear ceisteanna le must gan do. Cruthaítear ceisteanna le have to le do / does / did.

Must + subject + V1?
Do / Does / Did + subject + have to + V1?

Must I sign here?
An gcaithfidh mé síniú anseo?
Do you have to wear a tie at work?
An gcaithfidh tú carbhat a chaitheamh ag an obair?
Does she have to come with us?
An gcaithfidh sí teacht linn?
Did they have to wait outside?
An raibh orthu fanacht amuigh?

Modal Verbs Botúin choitianta

❌ You must to stop now.
✅ You must stop now.
❌ We haven’t to wear a uniform.
✅ We don’t have to wear a uniform.
❌ Do I must pay now?
✅ Must I pay now?
❌ He doesn’t has to come.
✅ He doesn’t have to come.
❌ We must go home yesterday.
✅ We had to go home yesterday.
❌ You don’t have to smoke here. (if you mean prohibition)
✅ You mustn’t smoke here.
❌ She mustn’t to touch it.
✅ She mustn’t touch it.

Modal Verbs Abairtí

I must remember to call my dentist.
Caithfidh mé cuimhneamh glaoch ar m’fhiaclóir.
We have to change trains in Berlin.
Caithfimid traenacha a athrú i mBeirlín.
You don’t have to hurry; we still have time.
Ní gá duit deifir a dhéanamh; tá am againn fós.
Visitors mustn’t feed the animals.
Ní ceadmhach do chuairteoirí na hainmhithe a bheathú.
She has to wear glasses for reading.
Caithfidh sí spéaclaí a chaitheamh le haghaidh léitheoireachta.
Must we bring our passports?
An gcaithfimid ár bpasanna a thabhairt linn?
They had to stay at the airport overnight.
Bhí orthu fanacht san aerfort thar oíche.
He doesn’t have to cook tonight.
Ní gá dó cócaireacht anocht.
You mustn’t open this door.
Ní ceadmhach duit an doras seo a oscailt.
Do I have to fill in all the boxes?
An gcaithfidh mé na boscaí go léir a líonadh isteach?

Modal Verbs Samplaí

I must finish this email before lunch.
Caithfidh mé an ríomhphost seo a chríochnú roimh am lóin.
My brother has to travel a lot for work.
Caithfidh mo dheartháir taisteal go minic don obair.
You don’t have to bring a gift to the party.
Ní gá duit bronntanas a thabhairt leat chuig an gcóisir.
Employees mustn’t share their passwords with anyone.
Ní ceadmhach d’fhostaithe a bhfocail faire a roinnt le haon duine.
We had to walk because there were no taxis.
Bhí orainn siúl mar nach raibh aon tacsaithe ann.
Does he have to wear a suit every day?
An gcaithfidh sé culaith a chaitheamh gach lá?
You must be quiet in the library.
Caithfidh tú a bheith ciúin sa leabharlann.
I don’t have to work this Saturday.
Ní gá dom a bheith ag obair an Satharn seo.
Students mustn’t copy answers during the exam.
Ní ceadmhach do mhic léinn freagraí a chóipeáil le linn an scrúdaithe.
Why did they have to leave so early?
Cén fáth a raibh orthu imeacht chomh luath sin?

Cleachtaí gramadaí Béarla atá ar fáil san aip

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural