Pronouns: abairtí, cleachtaí, tástálacha agus samplaí

Pronouns úsáidimid

Tá na forainmneacha sa cheacht seo níos forbartha: forainmneacha ginearálta you / we / one / they, an it tosaigh, an struchtúr there + be, forainmneacha athfhillteacha myself / yourself..., agus forainmneacha cómhalartacha each other / one another.

They say it's unusual for a woman to be a soldier.
Deirtear gur rud neamhghnách é do bhean a bheith ina saighdiúir.
We must always ask ourselves, what is worth fighting for?
Ní mór dúinn fiafraí dínn féin i gcónaí, cad is fiú troid ar a shon?
I blame myself for what happened.
Cuirim an milleán orm féin as an méid a tharla.
It's been a long time since we have talked to each other.
Tá sé i bhfad ó labhair muid lena chéile.
There may be more worthy causes than you think.
D’fhéadfadh go bhfuil níos mó cúiseanna fiúntacha ann ná mar a cheapann tú.

Pronouns Fhoirm

1. Forainmneacha ginearálta

Tagraíonn forainmneacha ginearálta do dhaoine i gcoitinne, ní do dhuine ar leith amháin. Cabhraíonn siad linn ráitis ghinearálta a dhéanamh.

Foirm Stíl / brí Sampla
you an bealach is coitianta chun “duine ar bith” a chiallaíonn When you get a pet, you accept responsibilities.
we cuireann an cainteoir iad féin agus na héisteoirí / an tsochaí san áireamh As members of society, we should help each other.
one / one's foirmiúil, úsáidtear go minic sa scríbhneoireacht In a foreign country, one may feel lost.
they daoine i gcoitinne, údaráis/eagraíochtaí, nó duine nach bhfuil a n-inscne ar eolas nó tábhachtach They say it's dangerous to go out after dark.

2. É agus ann

Struchtúr Cathain ba chóir úsáid a bhaint as Sampla
it am, aimsir, teocht, fad It's 5 o'clock. It's raining. It's 20 °C outside.
it + adjective + to V ábhar réamhráiteach roimh mheastóireacht It was very nice to talk to you again.
there + be a rá go bhfuil rud éigin ann nó i láthair áit éigin There is an airport outside of town.

3. Forainmneacha athfhillteacha

Ábhar Forainm athfhillteach Sampla
I myself I cut myself.
you singular yourself You should be proud of yourself.
he himself He went there by himself.
she herself She made dinner herself.
it itself The door opened by itself.
we ourselves We painted the house ourselves.
you plural yourselves Help yourselves to tea.
they themselves They introduced themselves.

4. Forainmneacha cómhalartacha

Foirm Brí Sampla
each other Déanann A rud éigin do B, agus déanann B rud éigin do A They understand each other.
one another beagnach mar an gcéanna, rud beag níos foirmiúla We don't see one another very often.
each other's / one another's sealbhú cómhalartach They know each other's secrets.

Pronouns Riail

  • Úsáid you agus tú ag caint faoi dhuine ar bith sa ghnáthchaint. Ní chiallaíonn sé i gcónaí an t-éisteoir sonrach.
    You have to be careful when you work with heavy machinery.
    Caithfidh tú a bheith cúramach nuair a oibríonn tú le hinnealra trom.
  • Tá One níos foirmiúla. Más gá foirm shealbhach, úsáid one's.
    One must never forget about safety.
    Ní ceart dearmad a dhéanamh ar an tsábháilteacht choíche.
    It is often hard to understand what occupies one's thoughts.
    Is minic a bhíonn sé deacair a thuiscint cad é atá i mbun smaointe duine.
  • Is féidir le they “deirtear”, údaráis/eagraíocht, nó duine amháin a chiallaíonn nuair nach eol an inscne nó nuair nach bhfuil sí tábhachtach.
    They say it's dangerous to go out after dark.
    Deir siad go bhfuil sé contúirteach dul amach tar éis dorchadais.
    I don't know who took my pen, but they had better give it back.
    Níl a fhios agam cé a thóg mo pheann, ach b’fhearr dóibh é a thabhairt ar ais.
  • Úsáid it le haghaidh ama, aimsire, teochta, agus achair. Anseo, ní thagraíonn it d'aon rud sonrach amháin.
    It's 100 metres to the station.
    Tá an stáisiún 100 méadar uaidh.
    It's raining.
    Tá sé ag cur báistí.
  • Úsáid there + be nuair is mian leat a rá go bhfuil rud éigin ann, i láthair, nó suite in áit éigin. Ná cuir it is in ionad na struchtúir seo.
    There is some chicken in the fridge.
    Tá roinnt sicín sa chuisneoir.
    There are two messages on your phone.
    Tá dhá theachtaireacht ar d’fhón.
  • Úsáid forainmneacha athfhillteacha nuair is ionann an t-ábhar agus an réad, is é sin, an duine céanna nó an rud céanna.

    subject + verb + myself / yourself / himself / herself / itself / ourselves / yourselves / themselves

    I cut myself dicing tomatoes.
    Ghearr mé mé féin agus mé ag dísliú trátaí.
    Why are you talking to yourself?
    Cén fáth a bhfuil tú ag caint leat féin?
  • Is féidir le forainm athfhillteach béim a chur freisin ar an bhfíric gur rinne duine an gníomh ina aonar nó gan chúnamh.
    We painted the house ourselves.
    Phéinteálamar an teach sinn féin.
    She cooked the whole dinner herself.
    Chócaráil sí an dinnéar ar fad í féin.
  • I ndiaidh formhór na réamhfhocal, is féidir forainm athfhillteach a úsáid má thagraíonn sé ar ais don ábhar. Ach i ndiaidh réamhfhocal áite agus i ndiaidh with sa chiall “ag gabháil le”, is gnách dúinn forainm réada a úsáid.
    ✅ You should be proud of yourself.
    ✅ I put my bag in front of me.
    ✅ I'm taking my dog with me to France.
  • Is féidir le roinnt briathra a bheith athfhillteach i dteangacha eile ach de ghnáth ní bhíonn forainm athfhillteach de dhíth orthu i mBéarla: nigh, bearr, gléas, lig do scíth, deifir, oscail.
    My dad always shaves in the morning before he dresses.
    Bíonn m’athair ag bearradh i gcónaí ar maidin sula gcuireann sé a chuid éadaí air.
    Hurry up! We are late.
    Déan deifir! Táimid déanach.
  • Le enjoy, is féidir leat forainm athfhillteach a úsáid mura bhfuil réad ar bith eile i ndiaidh enjoy.
    ✅ Did you enjoy the party?
    ✅ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
  • Ciallaíonn le + forainm athfhillteach agus ar + aidiacht shealbhach + féin “ina aonar / go neamhspleách / gan chabhair”.
    I'm home all by myself.
    Táim sa bhaile liom féin ar fad.
    Can you do this on your own?
    An féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh leat féin?
  • Úsáidtear a chéile agus a chéile nuair atá gníomh cómhalartach ann: déanann A rud éigin do B, agus déanann B an rud céanna do A.
    Working in a team, it is important to understand each other.
    Ag obair i bhfoireann, tá sé tábhachtach a chéile a thuiscint.
    John and Sally always enjoy one another's company.
    Baineann John agus Sally taitneamh i gcónaí as cuideachta a chéile.

Pronouns Ceisteanna

Braitheann ceisteanna ar an struchtúr: chun fiafraí faoi ann a bheith ann, úsáid An bhfuil...? / An bhfuil...?; le forainmneacha aischuacha, úsáid an gnáthord ceiste; agus tá a chéile coitianta i gceisteanna faoi ghníomhartha frithpháirteacha.

Is / Are there + noun + ...?
Did / Do / Does + subject + verb + reflexive pronoun?
Do / Did + plural subject + verb + each other?

A: Is there an airport outside of town?
B: Yes, there is.
A: Are there any seats in the room?
B: No, there aren't.
A: Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
B: Yes, I had a great time.
A: Do you live by yourself?
B: No, I live with my sister.
A: Do they know each other?
B: Yes, they work together.

Pronouns Botúin choitianta

Is iad na príomhbhotúin ná it is a úsáid in ionad there is, myself neamhriachtanach a chur leis i ndiaidh gnáthbhriathra staide, forainmneacha cuspóire a chur in ionad forainmneacha athfhillteacha i ndiaidh réamhfhocal áite, agus themselves a mheascadh le each other.

❌ I feel myself unwell.
✅ I feel unwell.
❌ Are you hungry? It is some chicken in the fridge.
✅ Are you hungry? There is some chicken in the fridge.
❌ I put my bag in front of myself.
✅ I put my bag in front of me.
❌ I'm taking my dog with myself.
✅ I'm taking my dog with me.
❌ My dad always shaves himself before he dresses himself.
✅ My dad always shaves before he dresses.
❌ We looked at each other in the mirror. if each person looked at their own reflection
✅ We looked at ourselves in the mirror.
❌ We bought ourselves small gifts. if each person bought a gift for another person
✅ We bought each other small gifts.
❌ One must never forget about his safety.
✅ One must never forget about one's safety.

Pronouns Abairtí

When you get a pet, you accept a set of responsibilities.
Nuair a fhaigheann tú peata, glacann tú le sraith freagrachtaí.
As human beings, we are responsible for our future.
Mar dhaoine, táimid freagrach as ár dtodhchaí.
One should be polite in a formal meeting.
Ba chóir do dhuine a bheith béasach i gcruinniú foirmiúil.
They say this road is dangerous after dark.
Deir siad go bhfuil an bóthar seo dainséarach tar éis titim na hoíche.
It's five o'clock.
Tá sé a cúig a chlog.
It's raining, and it's cold outside.
Tá sé ag cur báistí, agus tá sé fuar amuigh.
It was very nice to talk to you again.
Bhí sé an-deas labhairt leat arís.
There is an airport outside of town.
Tá aerfort taobh amuigh den bhaile.
There are three books on the desk.
Tá trí leabhar ar an deasc.
I cut myself while I was cooking.
Ghearr mé mé féin agus mé ag cócaireacht.
You should be proud of yourself.
Ba cheart duit a bheith bródúil asat féin.
We painted the house ourselves.
Phéinteálamar an teach sinn féin.
I'm sorry, can you do this on your own?
Tá brón orm, an féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh leat féin?
Working in a team, it is important to understand each other.
Ag obair i bhfoireann, tá sé tábhachtach a chéile a thuiscint.
John and Sally always enjoy one another's company.
Baineann John agus Sally taitneamh i gcónaí as cuideachta a chéile.

Pronouns Samplaí

A: Why do people wear helmets here?
B: When you work with heavy machinery, you have to think about safety.
A: Is it far to the station?
B: No, it's about 100 metres from here.
A: Are you hungry?
B: Yes. Is there anything to eat?
A: There is some chicken in the fridge.
A: Did you hire painters?
B: No, we painted the house ourselves.
A: Do Jack and Mia know each other?
B: Yes, they are friends. They help each other after school.
My family left for the holidays, so I stayed home all by myself and cooked dinner on my own.
D’imigh mo theaghlach ar saoire, mar sin d’fhan mé sa bhaile i m’aonar ar fad agus rinne mé mo dhinnéar liom féin.
They say the exam is difficult, but if we help each other, we can prepare well.
Deir siad go bhfuil an scrúdú deacair, ach má chabhraímid lena chéile, is féidir linn ullmhú go maith.

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Superlatives Comparatives Adverbs Adverbs of Frequency

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Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

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Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural