Pronouns tunatumia
Viwakilishi katika somo hili ni viwakilishi na miundo ya kiwango cha juu zaidi: viwakilishi vya jumla you / we / one / they, it ya utangulizi, muundo wa there + be, viwakilishi vya kujirejelea myself / yourself..., na viwakilishi vya kutendeana each other / one another.
They say it's unusual for a woman to be a soldier.
Wanasema si jambo la kawaida kwa mwanamke kuwa askari.
Wanasema si jambo la kawaida kwa mwanamke kuwa askari.
We must always ask ourselves, what is worth fighting for?
Lazima kila mara tujiulize, ni nini kinachostahili kupiganiwa?
Lazima kila mara tujiulize, ni nini kinachostahili kupiganiwa?
I blame myself for what happened.
Najilaumu kwa yaliyotokea.
Najilaumu kwa yaliyotokea.
It's been a long time since we have talked to each other.
Imekuwa muda mrefu tangu tuzungumze na kila mmoja wetu.
Imekuwa muda mrefu tangu tuzungumze na kila mmoja wetu.
There may be more worthy causes than you think.
Huenda kukawa na sababu zinazostahili zaidi kuliko unavyofikiri.
Huenda kukawa na sababu zinazostahili zaidi kuliko unavyofikiri.
Pronouns Fomu
1. Viwakilishi vya jumla
Viwakilishi vya jumla hurejelea watu kwa ujumla, si mtu mmoja maalum. Hutusaidia kutoa kauli za jumla.
| Fomu | Mtindo / maana | Mfano |
| you | njia ya kawaida zaidi ya kumaanisha βmtu yeyoteβ | When you get a pet, you accept responsibilities. |
| we | mzungumzaji anajumuisha yeye mwenyewe na wasikilizaji / jamii | As members of society, we should help each other. |
| one / one's | rasmi, mara nyingi hutumika katika maandishi | In a foreign country, one may feel lost. |
| they | watu kwa ujumla, mamlaka/mashirika, au mtu ambaye jinsia yake haijulikani au si muhimu | They say it's dangerous to go out after dark. |
2. Hicho na pale
| Muundo | Wakati wa kutumia | Mfano |
| it | wakati, hali ya hewa, halijoto, umbali | It's 5 o'clock. It's raining. It's 20 Β°C outside. |
| it + adjective + to V | somo la utangulizi kabla ya tathmini | It was very nice to talk to you again. |
| there + be | kusema kwamba kitu kipo au kipo mahali fulani | There is an airport outside of town. |
3. Viwakilishi vya kujirejelea
| Mada | Kiwakilishi rejea | Mfano |
| I | myself | I cut myself. |
| you singular | yourself | You should be proud of yourself. |
| he | himself | He went there by himself. |
| she | herself | She made dinner herself. |
| it | itself | The door opened by itself. |
| we | ourselves | We painted the house ourselves. |
| you plural | yourselves | Help yourselves to tea. |
| they | themselves | They introduced themselves. |
4. Viwakilishi vya kutendana
| Fomu | Maana | Mfano |
| each other | A anafanya kitu kwa B, na B anafanya kitu kwa A | They understand each other. |
| one another | karibu sawa, rasmi kidogo zaidi | We don't see one another very often. |
| each other's / one another's | umiliki wa pande zote mbili | They know each other's secrets. |
Pronouns Sheria
-
Tumia you unapozungumza kuhusu mtu yeyote katika mazungumzo ya kila siku. Si lazima daima imaanishe msikilizaji mahususi.
You have to be careful when you work with heavy machinery.
Lazima uwe mwangalifu unapofanya kazi na mitambo mizito. -
One inasikika rasmi zaidi. Ikiwa umbo la kimilikishi linahitajika, tumia one's.
One must never forget about safety.
Mtu hapaswi kamwe kusahau kuhusu usalama.It is often hard to understand what occupies one's thoughts.
Mara nyingi ni vigumu kuelewa ni nini kinachojaza mawazo ya mtu. -
Wao wanaweza kumaanisha βwatu wanasemaβ, mamlaka/shirika, au mtu mmoja wakati jinsia haijulikani au si muhimu.
They say it's dangerous to go out after dark.
Wanasema ni hatari kutoka nje baada ya giza kuingia.I don't know who took my pen, but they had better give it back.
Sijui ni nani aliyechukua kalamu yangu, lakini afadhali ainirudishie. -
Tumia it kwa wakati, hali ya hewa, joto, na umbali. Hapa, it hairejelei kitu kimoja maalum.
It's 100 metres to the station.
Ni mita 100 kwenda stesheni.It's raining.
Mvua inanyesha. -
Tumia there + be unapotaka kusema kwamba kitu kipo, kipo mahali fulani, au kinapatikana mahali fulani. Usibadilishe muundo huu na it is.
There is some chicken in the fridge.
Kuna kuku kidogo kwenye friji.There are two messages on your phone.
Kuna ujumbe mbili kwenye simu yako. -
Tumia viwakilishi vya kurejelea nafsi yenyewe wakati kiima na yambwa ni mtu au kitu kilekile.
subject + verb + myself / yourself / himself / herself / itself / ourselves / yourselves / themselves
I cut myself dicing tomatoes.
Nilijikata wakati nikikata nyanya vipande vidogo.Why are you talking to yourself?
Kwa nini unazungumza peke yako? -
Kiwakilishi cha kujirejelea kinaweza pia kusisitiza kwamba mtu alifanya kitendo peke yake au bila msaada.
We painted the house ourselves.
Tulipaka rangi nyumba sisi wenyewe.She cooked the whole dinner herself.
Alipika chakula chote cha jioni mwenyewe. -
Baada ya vihusishi vingi, unaweza kutumia kiwakilishi cha kujirejelea ikiwa kinamrejelea mtendaji wa sentensi. Lakini baada ya vihusishi vya mahali na baada ya with kwa maana ya βakiwa ameandamana naβ, kwa kawaida tunatumia kiwakilishi cha yambwa.
β You should be proud of yourself.β I put my bag in front of me.β I'm taking my dog with me to France.
-
Baadhi ya vitenzi vinaweza kuwa vya kujirejelea katika lugha nyingine lakini kwa kawaida havihitaji kiwakilishi cha kujirejelea katika Kiingereza: osha, nyoa, vaa, tulia, harakisha, fungua.
My dad always shaves in the morning before he dresses.
Baba yangu huwa ananYoA kila asubuhi kabla ya kuvaa nguo.Hurry up! We are late.
Harakisha! Tumechelewa. -
Kwa enjoy, unaweza kutumia kiwakilishi rejeshi ikiwa hakuna kitu kingine baada ya enjoy.
β Did you enjoy the party?β Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
-
Kwa + kiwakilishi rejeshi na peke + kibainishi milikishi + mwenyewe humaanisha βpeke yako / kwa kujitegemea / bila msaadaβ.
I'm home all by myself.
Niko nyumbani peke yangu kabisa.Can you do this on your own?
Unaweza kufanya hivi peke yako? -
Kila mmoja na mmoja kwa mwingine hutumika pale tendo linapokuwa la pande zote: A humfanyia B jambo fulani, na B humfanyia A jambo hilo hilo.
Working in a team, it is important to understand each other.
Kufanya kazi katika timu, ni muhimu kuelewana.John and Sally always enjoy one another's company.
John na Sally daima hufurahia kuwa pamoja.
Pronouns Maswali
Maswali hutegemea muundo: kwa uwepo, tumia Je, kuna...? / Je, kuna...?; kwa viwakilishi vya kujirejelea, tumia mpangilio wa kawaida wa swali; na each other hutumika mara nyingi katika maswali kuhusu vitendo vya pande mbili.
Is / Are there + noun + ...?
Did / Do / Does + subject + verb + reflexive pronoun?
Do / Did + plural subject + verb + each other?
A: Is there an airport outside of town?
B: Yes, there is.
A: Are there any seats in the room?
B: No, there aren't.
A: Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
B: Yes, I had a great time.
A: Do you live by yourself?
B: No, I live with my sister.
A: Do they know each other?
B: Yes, they work together.
Pronouns Makosa ya kawaida
Makosa makuu ni kutumia it is badala ya there is, kuongeza myself bila sababu baada ya vitenzi vya kawaida vya hali, kubadilisha viwakilishi vya yambwa kwa viwakilishi rejeshi baada ya vihusishi vya mahali, na kuchanganya themselves na each other.
β I feel myself unwell.
β
I feel unwell.
β Are you hungry? It is some chicken in the fridge.
β
Are you hungry? There is some chicken in the fridge.
β I put my bag in front of myself.
β
I put my bag in front of me.
β I'm taking my dog with myself.
β
I'm taking my dog with me.
β My dad always shaves himself before he dresses himself.
β
My dad always shaves before he dresses.
β We looked at each other in the mirror. if each person looked at their own reflection
β
We looked at ourselves in the mirror.
β We bought ourselves small gifts. if each person bought a gift for another person
β
We bought each other small gifts.
β One must never forget about his safety.
β
One must never forget about one's safety.
Pronouns Sentensi
When you get a pet, you accept a set of responsibilities.
Unapopata mnyama wa kufugwa, unakubali seti ya majukumu.
Unapopata mnyama wa kufugwa, unakubali seti ya majukumu.
As human beings, we are responsible for our future.
Kama wanadamu, tunawajibika kwa mustakabali wetu.
Kama wanadamu, tunawajibika kwa mustakabali wetu.
One should be polite in a formal meeting.
Mtu anapaswa kuwa mwenye adabu katika mkutano rasmi.
Mtu anapaswa kuwa mwenye adabu katika mkutano rasmi.
They say this road is dangerous after dark.
Wanasema barabara hii ni hatari baada ya giza kuingia.
Wanasema barabara hii ni hatari baada ya giza kuingia.
It's five o'clock.
Ni saa kumi na moja.
Ni saa kumi na moja.
It's raining, and it's cold outside.
Inanyesha, na kuna baridi nje.
Inanyesha, na kuna baridi nje.
It was very nice to talk to you again.
Ilikuwa vizuri sana kuzungumza nawe tena.
Ilikuwa vizuri sana kuzungumza nawe tena.
There is an airport outside of town.
Kuna uwanja wa ndege nje ya mji.
Kuna uwanja wa ndege nje ya mji.
There are three books on the desk.
Kuna vitabu vitatu juu ya dawati.
Kuna vitabu vitatu juu ya dawati.
I cut myself while I was cooking.
Nilijikata nilipokuwa napika.
Nilijikata nilipokuwa napika.
You should be proud of yourself.
Unapaswa kujivunia mwenyewe.
Unapaswa kujivunia mwenyewe.
We painted the house ourselves.
Tulipaka rangi nyumba sisi wenyewe.
Tulipaka rangi nyumba sisi wenyewe.
I'm sorry, can you do this on your own?
Samahani, unaweza kufanya hili peke yako?
Samahani, unaweza kufanya hili peke yako?
Working in a team, it is important to understand each other.
Kufanya kazi katika timu, ni muhimu kuelewana.
Kufanya kazi katika timu, ni muhimu kuelewana.
John and Sally always enjoy one another's company.
John na Sally daima hufurahia kuwa pamoja.
John na Sally daima hufurahia kuwa pamoja.
Pronouns Mifano
A: Why do people wear helmets here?
B: When you work with heavy machinery, you have to think about safety.
A: Is it far to the station?
B: No, it's about 100 metres from here.
A: Are you hungry?
B: Yes. Is there anything to eat?
A: There is some chicken in the fridge.
A: Did you hire painters?
B: No, we painted the house ourselves.
A: Do Jack and Mia know each other?
B: Yes, they are friends. They help each other after school.
My family left for the holidays, so I stayed home all by myself and cooked dinner on my own.
Familia yangu iliondoka kwa likizo, kwa hiyo nilibaki nyumbani peke yangu kabisa na nikapika chakula cha jioni mwenyewe.
Familia yangu iliondoka kwa likizo, kwa hiyo nilibaki nyumbani peke yangu kabisa na nikapika chakula cha jioni mwenyewe.
They say the exam is difficult, but if we help each other, we can prepare well.
Wanasema mtihani ni mgumu, lakini tukisaidiana, tunaweza kujiandaa vizuri.
Wanasema mtihani ni mgumu, lakini tukisaidiana, tunaweza kujiandaa vizuri.
